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Bibliography on Economic Exclusion of Minorities
ECMI publications on the topic
Tim Dertwinkel (2008). Economic Exclusion of Ethnic Minorities: On the Importance
of Concept Specification. ECMI Issue Brief #19.
This issue brief addresses the questions such as: What does ‘economic exclusion’ really mean? How does it relate to the broader and more established phenomenon of social exclusion? Is economic exclusion, especially when applied to historical ethnic minorities, worthwhile studying in its own right, or is it just a fashionable reframing of ‘older’ development concepts such as poverty or income inequality? The argument here is that the proper concept specification related to economic exclusion is overdue mainly due to two reasons. First, there is a recent increase in the use of the term, prominently taken up and further promoted by the work of minority rights related institutions and practitioners. Second, in sharp contrast to fast emerging policy programs and legal frameworks, theoretical or conceptual clarifications – as well as empirical results on factors promoting or mitigating economic exclusion – are rare. The main argument put forward is, that up to now, working definitions of economic exclusion have been broad and extensive, and tend to vary according to institution and legal frame. This lack of conceptual specification makes it almost impossible for empirical work to catch up with recent normative developments.
http://www.ecmi.de/download/brief_19.pdf
European Centre for Minority Issues (2004). Reports of the Informal International Consultative Meeting in the Area of Minority Issues.
This paper details the results of the "Informal International Consultative Meeting in the Area of Minority Issues" held in Flensburg, Germany in September 2004. The author describes how the meeting considered existing methodologies, assessment approaches and project evaluation procedures in the field of international minority-majority relations. The author also details how the gathering additionally provided the opportunity for international organizations and agencies to exchange experiences with regard to good practice and issues management in the field of minority relations. www.ecmi.de/rubrik/57/reports
European Centre for Minority Issues (2006). Roms on Integration: Analyses and Recommendations. ECMI Monograph #3. Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues.
This volume contains the first research reports of the Romani Expert Groups for Romani integration. www.ecmi.de/download/monograph_3_en.pdf
European Centre for Minority Issues (2007). Roms on Integration II. Analyses and Recommendations. ECMI Monograph #4. Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues.
This volume contains the second set of reports on research conducted by the Romani Expert Groups for Romani integration.
http://www.ecmi.de/download/monograph_4_en.pdf
Friedman, E. (2007). A Dual Challenge for the Year of Equal Opportunities for All: Roms in the Western Balkans. In: Journal of Ethno politics and Minority Issues in Europe 6 (1), 1-23.
The primary aim of this article is to place the current situation of Roms in the Western Balkans in the broader historical context of Roms' experiences since their arrival in the region
www.ecmi.de/jemie/download/1-2007_Friedman.pdf
Malloy, T. H. (2005). The Lisbon Strategy and Ethnic Minorities: Rights and Economic Growth. ECMI issue Brief # 13.
This paper discusses the EU's Lisbon Strategy to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, highlighting the problems of ethnic minorities. The paper introduces the Lisbon strategy and its problems, outlines the strategy's provisions for ethnic minorities and explores the link between ethnic minority inclusion and economic growth. The paper calls for a recognition that ethnic minorities constitute an untapped asset to society and deserve considerable investment.
http://www.ecmi.de/download/brief_13.pdf
Malloy, T. H. / Gazzola, M. (2006). Evaluation of the impact of inclusion policies under the Open Method of Coordination: Assessing the Cultural Policies of Six Member States of the European Union. In: Final Report. ECMI Report #60. Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues.
The projects sought to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cultural policies aimed at the social inclusion of ethnic minorities and Roma/Sinti.
http://www.ecmi.de/download/Report_60_OMC_Evaluation.pdf
Phillips, A. (2005). The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Protection of the Economic Rights of Minorities. In: EURAC/ECMI (eds.) European Yearbook of Minority Issues 3, 2003/4. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 287-306.
Wheatley, J. (2007): The Economic Status of National Minorities in Europe: a Four-Case Study. In: Journal of Ethno politics and Minority Issues in Europe 6 (1), 1-35.
The aim of this study is to investigate the causes and effects of economic exclusion of historical national and ethnic minorities and to identify the policies, both at the national and supranational levels, that are most effective in combating this problem.
http://www.ecmi.de/jemie/download/1-2007_Wheatley.pdf
Wheatley, J. (2007). The Economic Dimension of Minority Participation in Europe. ECMI Issue Brief #15. In: Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues.
This paper provides information on the factors that determine the extent to which members of ethnic and national minorities enjoy the same economic opportunities as their majority counterparts, linking the issues of social exclusion and minority rights. The paper describes why economic empowerment of minorities is important and identifies factors that determine the selection between exclusion and advancement, including constitutional design, privatization and weak statehood. Subsequently, the paper points to policy implications and finds a need for an initiative on equal economic opportunities. http://www.ecmi.de/download/brief_15.pdf
Recommended key references
Books
Amartya, S. 1999: Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press.
Sets the standard for rights-based development
Atkinson, T. / Cantillon, B. / Marlier, E. / Nolan, B. 2002: Social Indicators: The EU and Social Inclusion. London: Oxford University Press.
Focus on indicators of social exclusion at the EU level.
Burchardt, T. / Le Grand, J. / Piachaud, D. 2002: Introduction. In: Hills, J. Le Grand and D. Piachaud (eds).Understanding Social Exclusion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
History and changed understanding of the concept of social exclusion.
J. Le Grand, H. / Piachaud, D. (eds) 2002: Understanding Social Exclusion. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Standard reference on social exclusion issues.
Todaro, M. / C. Smith, S. 2003: Economic Development. Eigth Edition.
Key reference for development economics topics.
Wrench,J. / Andrea, R. /Ouali, N. 1999: Migrants, ethnic minorities and the labour market: integration and exclusion in Europe, (New York 1999)
Published journal articles
Putnam, R. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. In: Journal of Democracy. 6: 65–78.
Links between social capital civil society and exclusion issues.
Thomas, J. M. (1998). Job Aspirations and Ethnic Minority Unemployment in the UK: Is there a Connection?, in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, (Abingdon 1998) p. 189 – 196
Policy paper, issue briefs, guides and recommendations
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, All Different All Equal: From Principle to Practice, In: EUMC Position Papers, Eurconf (2000) 6, April 2000 www.coe.int/T/E/human%5Frights/Ecri/2%2DEuropean%5FConference/2%2DOther%5Fdocuments/EUMC_position_papers.asp
Geddes, A. Ethnic Minorities in the Labour Market: Comparative Policy Approaches (Western Europe), Cabinet Office, www.pm.gov.uk/files/pdf/geddes.pdf
Heath, A. F. / MacMahon, D. Ethnic Differences in the Labour Market: The Role of Education and Social Class Origins, Paper no. 2000-01, May 2000, www.sociology.ox.ac.uk/research/2000.asp
ILO 1997. Ethnic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe: Guidelines and Recommendations for Promoting Their Employment, In: Publications,1997, at www.ilo.org/public/english/region/eurpro/budapest/publ/_reports/ceet_report_19.htm
Justino, P. /Litchfield, J. (2003). Economic Exclusion and Discrimination: The Experiences of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. In: Minority Rights Group Issues Paper. www.mrg.webbler.co.uk
Best introduction on the topic of economic exclusion related to minorities
Minority Rights Group International, Minority Rights and Development: Overcoming Exclusion, Discrimination and Poverty, In: Minority Rights and Development, Paper submitted to the UN Working Group on Minorities, eighth session, May 2002 at www.minorityrights.org
Riddel, R. Minorities, Minority Rights & Development, In: Minority Rights Group International, Minority Rights and Development Issues Paper, November 2002
Salomon, M. (ed.) (2005). Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: a Guide for Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. London: Minority Rights Group International.
UNDP. (2002). The Roma in Central and Eastern Europe: Avoiding the Dependency Trap, In: Regional Human Development Report. Bratislava: UNDP.
Best data-driven study on socio-economic exclusion so far, applied to Roma
Legal documents and comments
Council of Europe – Minorities page
www.coe.int/T/E/Human_Rights/Minorities/
The text of the FCNM, as well as State Reports and other reports of FCNM monitoring bodies can be found on this highly useful page.
Council of the European Union, Establishing a General Framework for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation, In: Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000
ec.europa.eu/employment_social/news/2001/jul/directive78ec_en.pdf
ILO, Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, In: Convention No.111, Adopted on the 25 June 1958 by the General Conference of the ILO at its 42nd Session. Entry into force 15 June 1960, in accordance with Art. 8 www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/migrant/download/imp/imp12.pdf
Other sources, program webpages
Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005 – 2015
www.romadecade.org
The Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005 – 2015 is an unprecedented political commitment by governments in Central and Southeastern Europe to improve the socio-economic inclusion of Roma within a regional framework.
Sustainable Solutions for Displaced Populations in South- Eastern Europe,
Humanitarian Issues Working Group, June 2002. at www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf
United Nations Guide for Minorities
www.unhchr.ch/minorities/publications.htm
Many States have minorities within their borders. Although no firm statistics exist, estimates suggest that 10 to 20 per cent of the world's population belong to minorities. This means that between 600 million and 1.2 billion people are in need of special measures for the protection of their rights, given that minorities are often among the most disadvantaged groups in society, their members often subject to discrimination and injustice and excluded from meaningful participation in public and political life
World Bank and the European Commission, “Social Inclusion and Social Change –Conditions for Peace and Prosperity in the SEE Region”, in The Road to Stability and Prosperity in South Eastern Europe –In: A Regional Strategy Paper, March 1 2000, at www.seerecon.org/region/documents/wb/wbrs/wbrs.pdf
